Translation

Association of  European Senates
Meeting of Tuesday, 13 November 2001 in Brussels
“The Senates and the quality of legislation”
___

Work document submitted by the Senate of the French Republic

DEPARTMENT OF							     2 October 2001
EUROPEAN
AFFAIRS

Division for the Study
of comparative law

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

Summary

										Pages

SYNOPSIS									2

NATIONAL PROVISIONS

Germany									6
Austria										11
Belgium									14
Spain										20
France										24
Italy										28
Luxembourg									32
Netherlands									33
Poland										36
Romania									40
Slovenia									44
Switzerland									45
Czech Republic									49

					

SYNOPSIS

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

From the point of view of the next Association des Sénats d’Europe meeting in Brussels on 13 November 2001, it would seem worthwhile to examine the participation of upper houses in drafting legislation.

Hence for each of the thirteen member countries of the association (Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Slovenia, Switzerland and the Czech Republic), there is a description of the extent to which the upper house participates in the ordinary legislative process.  Where relevant, there is also an analysis of the participation of the upper house in special legislative procedures, generally in connection with the passing of constitutional legislation, finance bills and bills for the ratification of treaties.
Special legislative procedures have been described only when they are used in the upper houses.  Thus no mention is made of the fact that, in Spain, for an organic bill to be passed, an absolute majority in the Congress of deputies is required.

Where relevant, a distinction is drawn between government sponsored bills and private members’ bills.

An examination of the legislative powers of upper houses enables four groups of countries to be distinguished:

-those where the upper house has exactly the same prerogatives as the lower house;

-those where the upper house can amend texts under discussion, but where the lower house can make a definitive ruling;

-those where the upper house examines texts passed by the lower house, without being able to amend them, and can declare a definitive or merely suspensive veto;

-those where the upper house has no consultative powers.

1)The upper house has exactly the same prerogatives as the lower house in Italy, Romania, Switzerland, and in certain matters, in Belgium.

In Italy, Romania and Switzerland, both assemblies have exactly the same powers: they both have the right to initiate and amend, and no text can be definitively passed without the agreement of both assemblies.

However, in Italy, the shuttling of a bill from one house to another can continue indefinitely until both assemblies have passed identically worded texts.  Conciliation machinery exists in Romania and Switzerland:

-a joint committee with equal representation of both sides in Romania, and then, in the event of failure or rejection of the proposals from the joint committee by one of the assemblies, a meeting of both assemblies in joint session, with deputies outnumbering senators;

-a joint committee with equal representation of both sides in Switzerland, although this is rarely convened.

In Belgium, for certain particularly important matters (constitutional amendments, institutions, organisation of courts, ratification of treaties), the constitution of 17 February 1994 assigns exactly the same powers to the Senate and House of Representatives, and the legislative procedure continues until both assemblies have passed an identical text.

2)In Spain, France, Poland and the Czech Republic, and in Belgium for most matters, the upper house intervenes at all stages of the legislative procedure, but more often than not its opposition can be overridden by the lower house.

In these five countries, where the lower house can rule definitively in instances of disagreement with the upper house, the upper house does not usually have the same prerogatives as the lower house in the overall legislative procedure.

In these five countries, the Senate has the right to initiate.  However, in Poland and the Czech Republic, this right belongs to the assembly as a whole, and a private member’s bill originating in the Senate exists only if the senate approves it following an ad hoc procedure after which it sent to the lower house for a first reading.

More often than not the actual legislative procedure begins in the lower house.  In Poland and the Czech Republic, the legislative procedure has to begin in the lower house.  The same applies in Belgium for government bills relating to matters which do not come within the scope of the “obligatory bicameral” procedure examined above.  In Spain, the legislative process begins in the Senate solely for certain categories of government bills relating in particular to autonomous communities.  In France, the process can begin in the upper house, except in particular cases such as examination of the finance bill; however in practice, the government tends to introduce major bills in the National Assembly rather than the Senate.

The Senate debates almost all texts.  Although some matters coming within the scope of the “monocameral” procedure and therefore under the sole jurisdiction of the House of Representatives are not brought before the Belgian Senate, and the Czech Senate does not examine finance bills, all texts are brought to the Spanish, French and Polish Senates.  It should also be added that, for matters not coming within the scope of the “obligatory bicameral” procedure, the Belgian Senate’s jurisdiction is optional, since examination of texts referred by the House of representatives takes place only if fifteen senators request such within the fifteen days following referral.

The Senate has the same right to amend as the lower house.  With the exception of  France, this right is, however, subject to constitutional deadlines for the examination of texts passed by the lower house.

Finally, various procedures enable the lower house to rule definitively.  However, the dominance of the lower house is not absolute: the upper house has to approve any amendments to the constitution.  Similarly in Spain, France and the Czech Republic for certain matters  particularly affecting the Senate (“legislation establishing the principles required for the harmonisation of autonomous community legislation” in Spain;  organic legislation relating to the Senate in France; electoral legislation, legislation relating to the relationship between the two houses and legislation concerning the Senate in the Czech Republic).

3)In Germany, Austria and the Netherlands, the upper house can not amend texts under discussion, but it can impose a suspensive or definitive veto.

In these three countries, the upper house does not have the same right to initiate as the lower house.  In the Netherlands, it does not have any right at all to initiate. In Germany and Austria, members of the Bundesrat do not have the right to initiate, although after a majority vote the assembly as a whole does.  In Austria, however, a private member’s bill can also be introduced by a third of the members of the Bundesrat.

Furthermore, parliamentary procedure has to begin in the lower house, and the upper house can not amend texts sent to it.  It can only veto them.

This veto is definitive in the Netherlands, where no text can be passed without the approval of the upper house.  It is suspensive in Austria, where, by means of qualified majority voting, the lower house can override the Bundesrat’s opposition.  In Germany, it is suspensive or definitive depending on the extent to which the text concerns the Länder.  In practice, since most federal laws are applied by the Länder, more than half of them require approval by the Bundesrat, which can impose a definitive veto or decide to set up a conciliation procedure between the two assemblies.  On the other hand, for texts not requiring its approval, the Bundesrat can impose only a suspensive veto which the Bundestag can override by means of qualified majority voting.

4)In Luxembourg and Slovenia, the upper houses have only consultative powers.

In these two countries, legislation is passed by the lower house, but the upper house participates in its drafting.

In Luxembourg the Council of State gives a prior opinion on all government and private members’ bills.  It also considers all amendments.

In Slovenia, the National Council, can propose that the National Assembly passes texts and amendments.  After the National Assembly has finished examining a text, the National Council can also ask it to deliberate a second time.

*      *

*     

From the Italian Senate, a perfect example of bicameralism, to the Luxembourg Council of State, which has only consultative powers, the various European Senates illustrate the whole variety of situations possible.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

GERMANY

Under the terms of article 50 of the federal constitution, “the Länder contribute to the drafting of federal legislation (…)through the Bundesrat”

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

The Bundesrat as a whole shares the right to initiate legislation with the government and the members of the Bundestag: following a majority vote it can, by means of a resolution, decide to refer a private member’s bill to the federal government

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

After having been passed by the Bundestag, all texts are referred to the Bundesrat, which can veto them but not amend them.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

The Bundesrat’s agreement is required for:

-constitutional legislation to be passed;

-federal, so-called sanctioning, legislation.  This essentially concerns federal legislation relating to the administrative autonomy of the Länder , as well as that challenging their tax revenues.

For other texts, the Bundestag can override the Bundesrat’s opposition.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Strictly speaking the legislative procedure, which begins after the prior examination, is rooted in the principle according to which only texts passed by the Bundestag are referred to the Bundesrat, which can declare its opposition but does not have the right to amend.  In each assembly, texts are examined in committee and then in public session.

Prior examination

Government bills are referred to the Bundesrat which has six weeks to give a prior opinion.  This period can be reduced to three weeks, when the government declares it to be a matter of urgency, or extended to nine weeks should the Bundesrat so request in the light of the text’s importance.

The Bundesrat’s prior opinion has no influence over the course of the procedure.  It informs the government of the difficulties it is likely to encounter with the Länder, whose responsibility it is to apply most of the legislation.

The Bundesrat’s prior opinion prompts a response from the government, which, however, cannot modify its initial bill.  If it does so, it must consult the Bundesrat again.  When it refers a bill to the Bundestag, the government sends both the Bundesrat’s prior opinion and the response it has prompted.

The government can avoid the Bundesrat’s examination by having the Bundestag introduce a text prepared by its departments, since Bundestag private members’ bills are not subject to prior examination by the Bundesrat.

The government sends Bundesrat private members’ bills to the Bundestag within three months.  The government must also convey its own opinion on such bills to the Bundestag.

Examination by the Bundestag

Whoever the initiator may be, every text is first examined by the Bundestag, where it is subject to three readings:

-the first, which is a debate to sound out opinion, is followed by referral of the text to the relevant committees;

-the second is devoted to an article by article examination;

-the third enables the Bundestag to come to a decision on the overall text and generally takes place immediately after the second.

Examination by the Bundesrat and the parliamentary procedure

The Bundesrat’s essential function is to ensure that federal legislation does not undermine the Lander’s interests.

It is for this reason that the Bundesrat cannot modify texts under discussion.  It can only persuade the Bundestag to re-examine a text, by exercising its right of veto or by threatening so to do.

Depending on whether or not the text requires the Bundesrat’s approval, the right of veto is definitive or suspensive.

a)The right of definitive veto

The Bundesrat can veto only legislation for which the constitution requires its approval, so-called sanctioning legislation.

The constitution actually includes many articles specifying that the Bundesrat’s approval is required for a text on a given matter to be passed.  Sanctioning legislation concerns the Länder in particular, that is to say, it is legislation which affects their administrative autonomy and their finances.

Since the constitution defines neither the notion of sanctioning legislation nor the procedure enabling texts to be modified, in the event of disagreement between the two assemblies, the Bundestag could ignore the Bundesrat’s decision declaring that a government bill requires its approval.  In this event, the main course of action available to the Bundesrat would be to have the case referred to the Constitutional court by a Land.

Whereas in 1949 sanctioning legislation representeded only 10% of federal legislation, it now represents about 60%.  This is explained by the fact that most federal legislation is applied by the Länder and that, for the legislation to be termed sanctioning, there need be only one provision requiring the Bundesrat’s approval.  Furthermore, modifications to legislation containing such provisions require the Bundesrat’s approval when they involve such provisions or introduce new rules which have serious implications for the Länder.

After the Bundestag has passed sanctioning legislation, the Bundesrat has three possibilities to choose from:

-approve, “within a reasonable period of time” according to the constitution, the text passed by the Bundestag, which amounts to passing it definitively;

-reject it, which leads to failure of the procedure;

-refer the matter to the conciliation committee within the three weeks following receipt of the text passed by the Bundestag.

           The conciliation committee is a permanent body and is a joint committee.  Each Land is represented on it.  So it includes sixteen members of the Bundesrat and sixteen deputies from the Bundestag.  Its responsibility is to find a compromise text, and it can suggest retaining the text passed by the Bundestag, or modifying it.  In this event, the Bundestag must approve the modifications before the text is referred to the Bundesrat again.

The Bundesrat then receives either the initial text or that resulting from the work of the conciliation committee and subsequently passed by the Bundestag.  Approval of the text by the Bundesrat amounts to passing it definitively, while its not being approved by the Bundesrat does not necessarily lead to failure of the procedure.

In this event, the conciliation committee can actually be reconvened and asked to find a compromise text, since there is then the option of bringing it before the Bundestag and the government .  In theory, it could be asked to deal with the same text three times.  The conciliation committee’s text is always referred to the Bundestag and then the Bundesrat, since each of these assemblies has to approve it before it can be passed definitively.

Since 1949, 13% of procedures have been brought before the conciliation committee, almost always by the Bundesrat.

b)The right of suspensive veto

For legislation which is not sanctioning legislation, the Bundesrat has only a suspensive veto.  Should it wish to exercise it, in the three weeks following reception of the text passed by the Bundestag it must ask the conciliation committee to meet.

If the conciliation committee does not suggest any modification to the text passed by the Bundestag, the Bundesrat has two weeks to veto it.

This veto is only suspensive, and the Bundestag can override it.  To do so requires the use of qualified majority voting, which varies according to the size of the opposition in the Bundesrat.  If the Bundesrat imposed an absolute majority veto, the Bundestag must vote by a majority of members to override it.  If the Bundesrat imposed a two thirds majority veto, then the Bundestag decision has to win by two thirds of the votes cast and by the approval of half of its members.

If the Bundesrat does not exercise its right of veto or if it does not oppose the conciliation committee’s proposal, the text is passed definitively.

Promulgation

The procedure concludes with promulgation by the federal president.  The wording of article 82 of the constitution allows the president to check the legality of the legislative procedure.  This article actually provides that: “legislation definitively passed in accordance with the provisions of the present constitution are, after countersignature, signed by the federal president and published in the official journal of the federal government.”

Thus, the federal president can refuse to promulgate legislation if he thinks it is a matter of sanctioning legislation which ought to have obtained the agreement of the Bundesrat, although the Bundesrat decided otherwise.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

The ordinary legislative procedure applies, but with two specific features:

-the Bundesrat has nine weeks to deliver its prior opinion to the government before the government bill is subject to examination by the Bundestag;

-to be passed, constitutional amendments require a two thirds majority in each of the two assemblies.

Finance bills

Government finance bills are tabled in the Bundestag at the same time as they are referred to the Bundesrat.  The latter has six weeks in which to decide on its position.  This period of time is reduced to three weeks in the case of corrective finance bills.

The Bundesrat has a only right of suspensive veto for finance bills.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

AUSTRIA

According to article 24 of the Constitution, “ the National Council and the Bundesrat together exercise the legislative power of the Federation.”

1)Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

Apart from the members of the National Council, the government and the people (100,000 voters or one sixth of the voters in three Länder), the Bundesrat as a whole has the right to initiate legislation, with the plenary assembly able to decide to change a motion intending to be introduced as a bill into a private member’s bill.  Moreover, a private member’s bill can be directly introduced by at least a third of the members of the Bundesrat.

2)Does the upper house have the right to amend?

Having been passed by the National Council, all texts are referred to the Bundesrat, which can oppose them, but has no power to amend them.

3)Can the upper house make its position prevail?

The Bundesrat’s opposition can be overridden by qualified majority voting in the National Council.

However, in three cases the Bundesrat’s agreement is required for legislation to be passed:  in the case of constitutional legislation relating to the composition or election of the Bundesrat, in the case of constitutional legislation limiting the power of the Länder, and in the case of legislation relating to the ratification of treaties, when these treaties relate to matters within the jurisdiction of the Länder.

Furthermore, the Bundesrat has to agree to determine the period of time in which the Länder must promulgate the sanctioning legislation for federal legislation when the said legislation establishes that this time period is less than six months or more than one year.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Tabling

Like National Council private members’ bills, all government bills are tabled in the National Council.  As for Bundesrat private members’ bills, they are referred to the National Council:

-immediately after being tabled, when they are introduced by a third of the members of the Bundesrat;

-after the vote in the plenary assembly, when they are bills from the whole Bundesrat.

Examination by the National Council

Whoever the initiator may be, every text is first examined by the National Council, where it is subject to three readings:

-the first is a debate to sound out opinion;

-the second, following examination in committee, enables detailed examination of the text and concludes with a vote on it in its entirety;

-the third is devoted to removing any possible inconsistencies and to improving the shape.

Examination by the Bundesrat and the parliamentary procedure

Any text passed by the National council must be referred “without delay” to the Bundesrat, where it is first examined in committee before being submitted to the plenary assembly.

In the eight weeks following reception of a text passed by the National Council, the Bundesrat can exercise its right of veto.  However, this veto, which has to be justifiable, is only suspensive, because the National Council can override the Bundesrat’s opposition by confirming its preceding decision by an absolute majority of the votes cast, but half of its members must be present.  If the National Council does not confirm its preceding decision but adopts a new text, this must be referred to the Bundesrat, which can, again, veto it.  Between 1945 and 1998, the Bundesrat exercised its right of veto in only 2% of procedures.

Furthermore, the constitution provides that the Bundesrat does not participate in the legislative procedure relating to the finances of the Federation (federal finance legislation,

provisions relating to patrimony or Federation borrowings…).

On the other hand, when federal legislation determines the fundamental principles for which the modes of enforcement are the responsibility of the Länder, and when this legislation determines the time period in which the Länder’s legislation has to be promulgated, such time period, if it is less than six months or more than one year, cannot be established without the Bundesrat’s approval.

Promulgation

The legislative procedure concludes with the federal president’s signature and the federal chancellor’s countersignature.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

Passing constitutional legislation requires a qualified majority vote in the National Council: half of the members and two thirds of the votes cast.  Moreover, when such legislation contains provisions restricting the legislative or executive power of the Länder , the Bundesrat’s approval is also necessary, with the rules relating to qualified majority being the same as in the National Council.  Likewise, constitutional provisions relating to the Bundesrat cannot be modified without the agreement of the latter, obtained not only according to the same qualified majority rules but also with the majority of votes cast by the representatives of at least four Länder.

Furthermore, partial modifications to the constitution are put to a referendum if a third of the members of the Bundesrat or a third of the members of the National Council so request, with complete amendments of the constitution automatically being put to a referendum before becoming definitive.

Finance bills

The Bundesrat does not participate in their drafting.

Legislation relating to the ratification of treaties

The Bundesrat’s agreement is necessary for treaties on issues relating to the jurisdiction of the Länder.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

BELGIUM

Under the terms of article 36 of the Constitution, “federal legislative power is exercised collectively by the king, the House of Representatives and the Senate.”

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

Senators share the right to initiate with the king and the members of the House of Representatives, except in areas where the Senate is totally excluded from the legislative procedure:

-budgets and State accounts, except for the annual Senate funding allocation;

-granting of naturalisations;

-fixing the annual strength of the army.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

In the same way as the House of Representatives, the Senate has the right to amend texts which are referred to it.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

The constitution of 17 February 1994 distinguished between matters which are “purely bicameral”, where the adoption of a text requires the approval of both assemblies, and “optional bicameral” matters, where the Senate’s intervention is optional.

The first, defined in article 77 of the constitution, refer essentially to the following issues:

-constitutional amendments;

-institutions of the federal State;

-relations between the federal state, the regions and the linguistic communities;

-organisation of courts and tribunals;

-ratification of treaties.

As a general rule, mixed texts, that is to say texts which contain matters falling into both categories, are tabled separately.

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THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

If the areas (see preceding page) within the scope of the monocameral procedure are excluded, the Senate participates in the legislative procedure, but in a different way depending on whether its approval is required or not for the legislation to be passed.

Tabling

“Purely bicameral” matters
---
Government bills are tabled in the Senate or the House of Representatives, with the exception of bills for the ratification of treaties which are always tabled in the Senate (1).	“Optional bicameral” matters
---
Government bills are always tabled in the House of Representatives.	

Depending on the initiator, private members’ bills are tabled in the House of representatives or the Senate.  Before being debated in the assembly where they have been tabled, they are subject to a debate in principle concerning the appropriateness of their being considered by the assembly in question.

The first reading

“Purely bicameral” matters
---

This takes place in the Senate or the House of Representatives according to where the text was tabled.	“Optional bicameral” matters
---

Only private members’ bills originating in the Senate have their first reading in the Senate.	

Texts are examined in committee before being debated in a public session then referred to the other assembly, with possible amendments.

(1)In a note dated 14 May 1996, the Senate office had expressed the wish that government bills concerned with “purely bicameral” matters were “as part of a balanced distribution of tasks between the two houses and as far as possible” tabled in the Senate.

The second reading

“Purely bicameral” matters
---

The second assembly decides according to a procedure identical to that used in the first reading.  If the text is modified, it is sent back to the first assembly.  If not it is passed definitively.	“Optional bicameral” matters
---

•	Private members’ bills originating in the
Senate are examined by the House of Representatives within sixty days.  In the event of there being any amendments, the bills are sent back to the Senate.  If not, they are passed or definitively rejected.

•	As for the other texts, the second reading
is conducted in the Senate, but is optional and takes place only if at least fifteen senators (namely 20% of the total) so request in the fifteen days following referral.  This is the “right of evocation”.  The Senate has sixty days in which it can amend or not the text which has been referred.  If it does not deliberate within this period of time, the text is considered to have been passed.

If, at the time when the bill is tabled, the federal government deems it a matter of urgency, a parliamentary consultative committee composed of eleven deputies and eleven senators determines the time period in which the Senate has to decide.  In the event of no agreement being reached in this committee, the Senate has a period of seven days to request examination of the bill and thirty days to decide.	

The parliamentary procedure

“Purely bicameral” matters
---
The procedure continues until both assemblies have passed an identical text

	“Optional bicameral”matters
---
•	Private members’ bills originating in the
Senate and which the Senate has amended during its second examination are referred to the House of Representatives, which gives a definitive ruling within fifteen days.

•	Other texts, amended by the Senate
during its first examination are referred to the House of Representatives.

If it accepts the Senate’s amendments, the text is passed definitively.

By means of “counter amendments”, the House of Representatives can remove the Senate’s amendments and reinstate the text which it had previously passed.  It is then passed definitively.

It can also pass new amendments.  In this event, the amended text is again referred to the Senate which has fifteen days to debate the amendments.  Should the Senate modify them, the House of Representatives gives a definitive ruling within fifteen days.

Thus the maximum number of readings is limited to five

Promulgation

The House of representatives sends the text to the King, who signs it and promulgates it.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

Constitutional amendments are a “purely bicameral” matter.  Furthermore, the houses can deliberate only if at least two thirds of their members are present, and proposed modifications must receive at least two thirds of the votes cast.

Legislation modifying the boundaries of federal communities

The boundaries of the four “linguistic regions” (2) “can be changed or adjusted only by a law adopted by majority vote in each linguistic group in each house, on condition that the majority of the members in each group are present and inasmuch as the total number of votes for in the two linguistic groups represents two thirds of the votes cast”.

The same majority is required for legislation altering the composition of the three “regions” (2).

Finance bills

Passing finance bills is solely a matter for the House of Representatives.  The Senate’s role is restricted to passing its own operating budget.

(2)The Belgian federal state comprises two federal communities: the “regions”, numbering three (the Walloon, Flemish and Brussels regions), and the “communities”, numbering three (the French, Flemish and German-speaking communities).  The area covered by the French and Flemish communities includes part of Brussels.  Belgium also comprises four “linguistic regions”: the bilingual region of the capital, Brussels, and the French, Dutch and German-speaking regions.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

SPAIN

Under the terms of article 66-2 of the Constitution, “the Cortes exercise the legislative power of the state”, the Cortes comprising the Congress of Deputies and the Senate.

1)	 Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

The Senate shares the right to initiate legislation with the government, the Congress of Deputies, the autonomous community assemblies and the people (at least 500,000).  Senate private members’ bills can be introduced by a political group or by twenty-five senators.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

Having been passed by the Congress of Deputies, texts are referred to the Senate which can pass, amend or veto them.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

No constitutional amendment can be passed unless it receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the Senate.  Moreover, the Senate’s approval is required for the passing of  “legislation establishing the principles required for the harmonisation of autonomous community legislation”.

For other texts, the Congress of Deputies has the last word.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Tabling

Private members’ bills originating from the Senate and government bills relating to co-operation agreements between autonomous communities or concerning the inter-area compensation fund (3) are tabled in the Senate.  All other texts are tabled in the Congress of Deputies.

Debate on appropriateness

This is held only for private members’ bills and in the tabling assembly.  It acts as a filter, since it enables bills which would not receive majority assent to be eliminated.

Examination by the Congress of deputies

With the exception of two categories of government bill which have to be tabled in the Senate, all texts, including private members’ bills originating from the Senate, are first examined by the Congress of Deputies.

Individual deputies and groups of MPs can table amendments relating to these articles within fifteen days following referral of the text.

Amendments to the whole text (4) can also be introduced, but only by groups.  In this event, a first debate is held in plenary session.  This debate is followed by a vote.  If the assembly rejects the text, the procedure is concluded, because the text is not referred to the Senate.  The assembly can pass the text as tabled, or in a new version.  The text passed in the plenary session is then referred to the relevant committee.

Examination in committee is followed by a debate in plenary session, unless, as provided for by the constitution, the assembly has delegated the passing of the text to the committee (5).  The text passed by the assembly in plenary session is then referred to the Senate.

(3)Provided for in article 158 of the constitution, this compensation fund is paid for out of the state budget.  It finances investment expenditure and corrects economic imbalances amongst the autonomous communities.
(4) In particular, this concerns amendments recommending that the text be sent back to the government or involving a complete rewording of the text.
(5) Such delegation is not possible for the most important texts (constitutional amendments, organic laws, finance bills…)

Examination by the Senate

After receiving the text from the Congress of Deputies, the Senate has a period of two months ( twenty days if it declared to be urgent) to examine it.

The relevant committee can propose amendments or express its complete opposition to the text, which is then debated in plenary session.

The Senate can then:

-approve the text without any modifications;

-pass any amendments;

-veto it by absolute majority.

Second examination by the Congress of Deputies

This occurs only if the Senate has amended the text or if it has vetoed it.

When amendments have been passed by the Senate, they can be approved or rejected by the Congress of Deputies by a simple majority, and the text thus passed by the Congress of Deputies becomes the definitive text.

When the Senate imposes a veto, the deputies can disregard it with an absolute majority vote.  If such a majority is not achieved, a new debate can be organised at least two months after the Senate imposed its veto.  This can then be overridden by a simple majority vote.

Promulgation

Texts which have been passed are signed by the King within fifteen days after their approval, then promulgated and published.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

Government bills relating to amendments to the constitution must be passed by each of the houses by a three fifths majority.  In the event of non-approval, a joint committee with equal representation of both sides is convened to draft a text, which is put to the vote in both assemblies.  If the Senate passes the revision by an absolute majority, rather than by the three fifths required, the Congress can approve it by a two thirds majority.  The revision can then be put to a referendum if one tenth of the deputies or one tenth of the senators so request.

Complete amendments to the constitution and partial amendments considered particularly important (those concerning prior title, and those bringing modifications to provisions relating to fundamental rights and the Crown), are passed in accordance with a specific procedure in which the Senate plays the same role as the Congress of Deputies.  After having approved them by a two thirds majority, the two assemblies are dissolved and the newly elected assemblies must then also pass them by a two thirds majority.  They become definitive only after having been ratified by a referendum.

Legislation subject to article 74-2 of the constitution

Texts concerning co-operation agreements between autonomous communities and those relating to the inter-area compensation fund, as well as government bills for the ratification of treaties and international agreements must be passed by a majority in both houses.

In the event of non-approval, a joint committee, comprising an equal number of deputies and senators, is convened to draft a text which is put to the vote in both houses.  Should this fail, the Congress makes a definitive ruling by absolute majority.

Legislation subject to article 150-3 of the constitution

This concerns “legislation establishing the principles required for the harmonisation of autonomous community legislation”.  For these to be passed without incurring any conciliation procedure, an absolute majority in each assembly is required.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

FRANCE

According to article 34 of the Constitution, “legislation is voted by Parliament”, Parliament consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

Senators share the right to initiate legislation with deputies and the Prime minister.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

Senators have the same right to amend as deputies.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

In the event of continuing disagreement between the two assemblies, the government can, after there has been a conciliation attempt in joint committee with equal representation on both sides, ask the National Assembly to make a definitive ruling.

However, in the case of constitutional amendments and organic laws relating to the Senate, the government cannot make the National Assembly’s point of view prevail.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

The legislative procedure is rooted in the principle of the “shuttle” procedure.  As indicated in article 45 of the constitution, “any private member’s bill or any government bill is examined successively in the two parliamentary assemblies with a view to their passing an identical text.”

Tabling

Ordinary government bills are, by government choice, tabled either in the National Assembly or in the Senate.  In practice however, the government tends to table the most important bills in the National Assembly rather than in the Senate.

The first reading

The first examination by the two assemblies constitutes the first reading.  This begins in the assembly where the text is tabled, namely:

-the National Assembly or the Senate for government bills;

-the national Assembly for private members’ bills tabled by deputies;

-the Senate for private members’ bills tabled by senators.

After examination in committee, the plenary assembly decides, and then the text is referred to the other assembly, which deliberates on the referred text under the same terms and conditions.

The second reading

This is held under the same terms and conditions as the first reading: in the assembly where the text was tabled, and then in the other.

The second reading cannot take place: when the government has declared it to be a matter of urgency, it can actually call a meeting of a joint committee with equal representation on both sides responsible for proposing a text for the remaining provisions under discussion.

The joint committee with equal representation on both sides

Only the government is empowered to convene a meeting of a joint committee with equal representation on both sides.  It can do so after two readings in each assembly, and after one, if the matter is urgent.  If the government does not request that a joint committee be convened, the readings take place within the two assemblies until an identical text is passed, and the National Assembly cannot override the Senate’s opposition.

The joint committee is composed of seven deputies and seven senators and is specially convened for each text being debated.  Therefore it is not a permanent body.

If the joint committee succeeds in drafting a text, this is put to each of the assemblies and the procedure is concluded if the joint committee’s proposals are passed.

The new reading

If the joint committee does not succeed in drafting a compromise text, or if the joint committee’s text is rejected by one of the assemblies, a new reading takes place in both assemblies.

The last reading

After this new reading in each assembly, the government can ask the National Assembly to make a definitive ruling.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

Government or private members’ bills relating to constitutional amendments must first be voted upon by both assemblies under the same terms and conditions.

They are then put to a referendum.  However, instead of holding a referendum, the President of the Republic can decide to introduce the bills (stemming from the executive) to Parliament convened in Congress.  They must then be passed by a three fifths majority.

Finance bills

Government finance bills are tabled in the National Assembly, which has forty days to examine the text, while the Senate has twenty days.

The text is examined in accordance with the procedure of urgency: the joint committee is convened after one single reading in each assembly.

Social security finance bills

Social security finance bills are examined following the same procedure as finance bills, but, at the first reading the National Assembly has twenty days to examine them, and the Senate fifteen.

Organic laws

The first assembly involved has a period of fifteen days before it begins to deliberate.

Ordinary legislative procedure applies.  Nevertheless, if the government asks the National Assembly to make a definitive ruling, it can do so only with an absolute majority of its members.

Furthermore, the approval of both assemblies is required for organic laws relating to the Senate.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

ITALY

Article 70 of the Constitution specifies that “The legislative function is exercised collectively by both houses.”

1)	  Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

Individual senators share the right to initiate legislation with deputies, the government, regional councils, the National Council of Economics and Labour  and the people (at least 50,000 voters).

2)	 Does the upper house have the right to amend?

Like the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate has the right to amend texts which are referred to it.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

Unless an identical text is passed by both houses, legislation cannot follow.  No one house has dominance over the other.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Both assemblies have the same powers, and the texts referred to them must be passed in identical terms.  The legislative procedure is rooted in the principle of an unlimited “shuttle” procedure.

Tabling

Government bills are tabled either in the Chamber of Deputies or in the Senate, with the government seeing to it that an equal number is tabled in each assembly.  As a general rule, the most important government bills are tabled in the assembly where the government has the largest majority.

The first reading

This takes place in the assembly where the text has been tabled.  The assembly president allocates the texts to parliamentary committees, and chooses the examination procedure.

•	The parliamentary committee usually sits as a preparatory body (sede referente) : 
it examines the texts and amends them.  In a plenary session the assembly then deliberates on the texts produced by the committee.

During the course of its work the committee can, provided opinion is unanimous, ask the president to change the procedure, so that it can sit as a full legislative body or as a drafting body.

•	When the committee sits as a drafting body (sede redigente) it drafts a text which is put
to the assembly in a plenary session, in accordance with a simplified procedure and without any examination of the amendments.

This procedure can be chosen in the Senate at the outset of the procedure, and in the Chamber of Deputies only after general discussion.  It is rarely used.

•	As a legislative body (sede deliberante in the Senate and sede legislitiva in the
 Chamber of Deputies), the parliamentary committee can pass a government bill without discussion or a vote by the plenary assembly.  Nevertheless the text can be sent back to a plenary session at the government’s request by a tenth of the members of the assembly or a fifth of the members of the parliamentary committee.

In principle, this procedure is chosen for urgent, very technical or minor texts only.  It is not used in cases of constitutional, electoral or budgetary legislation, ratification of treaties….

The second reading

Once passed by the first house, the text is referred to the other house.

The second reading takes place under practically the same terms and conditions as the first.

If the text is modified, it is referred again to the first house.

The shuttle procedure

The text is shuttled between one house and the other until both pass an identically worded text, there being no conciliation body.

Promulgation

Laws are promulgated by the President of the Republic within a one month of their being passed, unless the houses have decided on a shorter time scale.

Before he promulgates the law, the President of the Republic has the right to address a request to both houses to reconsider the bill in a new debate.  If the houses pass the law again, it must be promulgated.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

In each house, constitutional legislation is subject to two debates, which take place at least three months apart.  An absolute majority of the members of each house must be obtained on the occasion of the second debate.

Constitutional legislation must be put to a referendum when, within the three months following its publication, a fifth of the members of one house, 500,000 voters or five regional councils so request.  If such legislation does not receive a majority of the votes cast, it is not promulgated.

There is no referendum if, on the occasion of the second debate, the legislation is approved by each of the two houses by a two thirds majority of the members.

Finance bills

To reflect the equality between the two houses, government finance bills are tabled alternatively in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

They must be examined within forty-five days of the issuing of the bill.

Amnesty bills

These are passed by holding a vote on each article and by means of a final vote requiring a two thirds majority of the members of each house.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

LUXEMBOURG

Although the Chamber of Deputies alone is responsible for voting legislation, the Council of State participates in its drafting.

It delivers a prior opinion on all government  and private members’ bills, except in cases of urgency declared by common agreement between the government and the Chamber of Deputies.  Nevertheless, even in such cases, the Chamber of Deputies cannot proceed to a vote on the entire bill without having taken note of the Council of State’s opinion.

All amendments to texts submitted to it are brought before it, and no modification can be passed by the Chamber of Deputies without its having first been subject to an opinion from the Council of State.

It rules on requests to dispense with the second debate.  Article 59 of the constitution actually requires that the Chamber of Deputies hold a second debate on all legislation, unless the Council of State approves the decision taken by the deputies to dispense with such debate.  When this is not the case, the Chamber of Deputies must re-examine the text.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

THE NETHERLANDS

According to article 81 of the constitution, “laws are established jointly by the government and the States General”.  The States General consists of the First Chamber comprising 75 senators, and the Second Chamber comprising 250 deputies.

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

The First Chamber of the States General does not have the right to initiate legislation.  This is the preserve of the Second Chamber and the government.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

The First Chamber cannot amend texts which are referred to it.  It can only approve them or reject them completely, having examined them in committee.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

No text can be definitively passed without the approval of the First Chamber.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Tabling
	
Government bills must be tabled in the Second Chamber.  Since moreover, the members of the First Chamber do not have the right to initiate, no texts are tabled in the First Chamber, so that the legislative procedure always begins in the Second Chamber.

Examination by the Second Chamber

Following examination by the relevant parliamentary committee, texts are referred to the plenary assembly.  Amendments can be brought both by deputies and by members of the government.  Each text is subject to a single reading, with the public session taking place only when the parliamentary committee considers that the text has been sufficiently prepared.

Examination by the First Chamber

Once passed by the Second Chamber, texts are referred to the First Chamber where they are examined by the relevant parliamentary committee before being put to a plenary session.  Debate in public session takes place only if the parliamentary committee considers that the text has been sufficiently prepared and the committee has received all the clarification it requires.  It then published a “definitive report”.

Having studied the text referred by the Second Chamber, the First Chamber committee has three possibilities.

•	It can issue a “definitive report”, which indicates that it has no comments or questions.  In this event, the committee can still reserve the right to return to the substance of the text during deliberations in public session.  The definitive report can also be a “blank” report, which enables the text to be passed without debate in public session and without a vote.
•	The committee can prepare a report in which it conveys its observations to the government, and to which the government responds with a “note in response to the report”.  Such a procedure does not require any committee work, and the public session can be held as soon as the note has been received.
•	When it wishes to be able to examine the government’s response, the committee prepares a “provisional report”, which requires the government to respond with a memorandum.

Following receipt of the memorandum, the committee decides either to publish a definitive report, which enables the plenary assembly to make a decision on the text, or a second

provisional report.  For that, within the ten days following receipt of the memorandum, it is sufficient if only one committee member requests a committee meeting.

Upon receipt of the second memorandum, a single definitive report can be drawn up, unless the plenary assembly decides to produce a third provisional report, which has never happened.

The plenary assembly debates the full text and then decides by a vote.  The First Chamber approves or rejects completely texts which are referred to it by the other assembly.  There is no conciliation procedure between the two assemblies.  Between 1949 and 1999, the First Chamber exercised its right of veto about forty times.  It exercised it more often at the beginning of the 80s.  In practice, the First Chamber concentrates its examination more and more on legal aspects, thus making up for the lack of a constitutional court.

Promulgation

Once passed by the First Chamber, texts are sent to the King, who signs them, and then to the relevant minister, who countersigns them.  They are then promulgated in the official journal.

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SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

Initially, government and private members’ constitutional bills follow the ordinary legislative procedure.  Once passed, the Second Chamber is dissolved, and legislative elections are held.

Following the elections, the newly elected members of the Second Chamber and the members of the First Chamber meet to debate and rule together on the constitutional revision, which is passed if it receives a two thirds majority of the votes cast.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

POLAND

Under the terms of article 95 of the constitution, “the Diet and the Senate exercise legislative power in the Republic of Poland.”

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

The Senate as a whole has the right to initiate legislation.  When a private member’s bill originating in the Senate is proposed, there is a motion from a committee or at least ten senators.  If the motion is passed by the Senate following an ad hoc examination procedure comprising three readings and similar to the legislative procedure followed in the Diet (see following page), the bill is referred to the Diet.

In the Diet, the right to initiate legislation can be exercised by a committee or at least fifteen deputies.  Further more, the President of the Republic, the council of ministers and the people (100,000 voters) also have this right.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

The Senate can amend texts referred to it by the Diet.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

Apart from amendments to the constitution, which must be approved by the two assemblies under the same terms and conditions, the Diet can override the Senate’s opposition.  When the Senate has rejected or amended a text passed by the Diet, the Diet can revert to the original text provided it receives an absolute majority of the votes cast, with half of the deputies present.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Tabling

Government bills must be tabled in the Diet.  Private members’ bills originating in the Senate are referred to the Diet as soon as the motion proposing them is passed, so that the Diet can proceed immediately to examine them.

Examination by the Diet

Whoever may be the initiator, all texts are first examined by the Diet, where they are subject to three readings.

The first reading, involving a general introduction to the text, is held in committee, or in the case of more important texts, in public session.  In this event, there may be a definitive rejection of the text.  The reading usually continues with the text being sent back to committee.  After a detailed examination, the committee more often than not recommends that the text be passed, but with amendments.

The second reading begins with the presentation of the committee’s report before the plenary assembly.  New amendments can be tabled, particularly by the Senate’s representative when the text under discussion is a private member’s bill originating from the Senate.

During the second reading, the President can reject amendments which have not been submitted in advance to the committee, which in turn necessitates a third reading.

The third reading enables examination of the committee’s additional report, which deals with the amendments and motions introduced during the second reading.  The third reading concludes with a vote on the complete text.  A simple majority of at least half of the deputies is required for the text to be passed.

Examination by the Senate

This takes place within the thirty days following referral of the text, failing which the Senate is supposed to approve the text in the form in which it was referred following deliberations in the Diet.  This time period is reduced to fourteen days for government bills which the council of ministers have deemed to be urgent.

The Senate can:

-approve the text without modification;

-amend it;

-reject it.

A simple majority vote is required, but at least half of the senators must be present.

The second examination by the Diet

This occurs only if the Senate has amended or rejected the text.

With half of the deputies requiring to be present, and by an absolute majority vote, the Diet decides to confirm or quash the decision made by the Senate.

Therefore the definitive text is either that resulting from the Diet’s first examination or that resulting from the Senate’s work.

Promulgation

Within a period of twenty-one days (seven when it has been declared urgent), the President of the Republic signs the law sent to him by the Diet.  He can bring it before the Constitutional Court before ordering promulgation.  He can also impose a justifiable veto, which the Diet can override with a three fifths majority vote of half of its members.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

This must be approved in identical terms by both assemblies, with the Senate having a period of sixty days to examine the text referred to it by the Diet.

When such legislation relates to fundamental principles of the Republic, human rights or the procedure for constitutional amendments, it can, within the sixty days following its being passed by the Senate, be put to a referendum at the request of the Senate.  Such a request can also be made by one fifth of the deputies or the president of the Republic.

Finance bills

These are passed in accordance with the ordinary procedure.  The Senate has twenty days to come to a decision on government finance bills.

Organising referenda

Referenda “on matters of particular importance to the State”  can be organised at the request of the Diet or the president of the Republic.  When the president is the initiator, the Senate must approve it by an absolute majority of half of its members.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

ROMANIA

According to article 72 of the constitution, “Parliament passes constitutional, organic and ordinary laws”, with Parliament comprising the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

Senators share the right to initiate legislation with deputies, the government and the people (250,000 voters).

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

Senators have the same right to amend as deputies.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

Both assemblies enjoy the same powers in legislative matters.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Tabling

The government may choose to table its bills in one assembly or the other.

The first reading

This takes place in the assembly where the bill was tabled, namely:

-government bills in the Chamber of Deputies;

-private members’ bills tabled by deputies in the Chamber of Deputies;

-private members’ bills tabled by senators in the Senate.

Texts are massed by a majority of members present.  Once passed by one assembly, they are referred to the other.  If the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate pass the same text, it becomes definitive.

The second reading

This takes place when the second assembly rejects the text passed by the first assembly.  The text is then sent back to the first, and then, if necessary, returned to the second.  Any rejection of the text is then definitive.

The joint committee with equal representation of both sides

After the first reading has taken place in each assembly and in the event of the two assemblies passing different texts, the presidents convene a joint committee.  Composed of seven deputies and seven senators, the committee must propose a compromise text, which is then brought before each assembly.

Both assemblies meeting in joint session

When the joint committee fails to reach agreement or when the text proposed by the joint committee is rejected by one of the assemblies, the disputed provisions are submitted to both assemblies meeting in joint session (6).  A majority of members present is required for them to be passed.

Promulgation

The text which has been passed is sent to the President of the Republic for promulgation.  The President can, within a period of twenty days, ask Parliament to hold a new debate.

(6) Deputies outnumber senators.  Deputies are actually elected by direct universal  suffrage, with one deputy for every 70,000 inhabitants, while senators, also elected by direct universal suffrage, each represent 160,000 inhabitants.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

The ordinary legislative procedure applies.  However,

-when it originates from parliament, the initiative for revision must be supported by at least one quarter of the deputies or senators;

-a two thirds majority of members is required in each house;

-should the joint committee’s proposal fail, deputies and senators, meeting in Congress, must approve the revision by a three quarters majority of the members;

-in order to become definitive, the revision must then be approved by a referendum.

Organic laws

The ordinary legislative procedure applies, but to be passed, an organic law requires to be approved by a majority of members in each assembly.

Organising referenda

The president of the Republic can call a referendum only after consultation with both assemblies.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

SLOVENIA

The Constitution provides that laws are passed by the National Assembly alone, and limits the legislative scope of the national Council

The Council may:

-propose that the National Assembly passes laws and amendments;

-insist that the National Assembly holds a legislative referendum;

-ask the National Assembly to debate a law for a second time prior to its promulgation.  After a text has been passed it has a period of seven days in which it can ask the National Assembly to re-examine the text.  The National Assembly can confirm its position by a majority vote of its members, unless the text is one which, for it to be passed, requires a qualified majority vote.  Since December 1992, when it was instituted, until January 2000, the National Council has imposed its suspensive veto fifty-one times, and in ten cases the National Assembly has not overridden it.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

SWITZERLAND

Under the terms of article 163 of the Federal constitution of 18 April 1999 (7), “the Federal Assembly decrees the provisions determining the rules of law in the form of a federal law or decree.”  The Federal Assembly comprises two houses, the National Council, composed of 200 deputies elected by direct universal suffrage, and the Council of States, composed of 46 deputies from the cantons.

Article 148 of the Federal Constitution specifies that the national Council and the Council of States have the same powers.

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

The Council of States has the same right to initiate legislation as the National Council: a private member’s bill from the Council of States can be introduced by one of its members, a political group or a committee.  The Federal Council, that is to say, the federal executive, and each of the cantons also has this right.  On the other hand, popular right of petition applies only to constitutional provisions.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

Like the national Council, the Council of States has the right to amend text referred to it.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

All texts must be passed in identical terms by both Councils

(7) this new constitution came into force on 1 January, 2000.

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

This is rooted in the principle that both assemblies have to pass identically worded texts.

Tabling

Federal Council bills are referred either to the National Council or the Council of States, with the president of the two assemblies agreeing on allocation priorities.  Should they fail to agree, lots are drawn to decide in which assembly the bill is tabled.  The same applies in connection with bills initiated by the cantons.

Prior examination

Only parliamentary and cantonal legislative proposals are subject to prior examination.  This procedure enables the assembly concerned to take a decision as to the future course of the proposal.

Examination by the first Council

Texts are studied by a committee, then submitted to the plenary assembly.  Debate in public session takes place in three stages:

-the “introduction to the subject”, which consists of a general discussion followed by a debate examining the text in detail;

-an article by article discussion of the text proposed by the committee, including examination of and voting on amendments;

-voting on the whole text.

The text is referred to the second Council if the first rejects the “introduction to the subject”.

Examination by the second Council

This takes place under the same terms and conditions as the first.

Parliamentary procedure

Parliamentary procedure continues until both assemblies have passed identically worded texts.

To limit the shuttle procedure, a conciliation procedure was adopted in 1902: after three debates in each Council, a conciliation committee composed of thirteen members from each Council has to draft a compromise text.  If it succeeds, this text is referred to both assemblies.  They can accept it or reject it.  If one of the Councils rejects it, the text is thrown out.

The conciliation committee has been convened only about twenty times since 1902.

In the event of a difference of opinion between the two Councils at the “introduction” stage, one of them has to reject it twice before the text is definitively rejected.

The final vote

After each Council has approved the same text, it is examined by the drafting committee.  Representing both Councils, this committee adjusts the shape and form of the text.

The text is then put to a final vote: both Councils have to decide to confirm or quash their previous vote.  Should one of the two Councils reject the text, it is thrown out definitively.

Promulgation

After the final vote, the Council which first examined the text refers it to the Federal Council “so that it can ensure its publication and execution”.

Referendum

All federal laws can be put to a referendum at the request of 50,000 electors or eight cantons.

In practice, the most important laws are ratified by the electorate.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

The electorate also has the right to initiate legislation on constitutional matters.

Once passed by the two Councils in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, constitutional amendments must be put to a referendum.

Legislation for the ratification of treaties

When this relates to membership of a collective security organisation or a supranational community, it must be put to a referendum.

PARTICIPATION OF UPPER HOUSES
IN DRAFTING LEGISLATION

CZECH REPUBLIC

Under the terms of article 15 of the constitution, legislative power is exercised by Parliament, which is composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

1)	Does the upper house have the right to initiate?

The Senate as a whole shares the right to initiate legislation with deputies, who exercise such a right individually, with political groups in the Chamber of Deputies, with the government and the regional councils.

2)	Does the upper house have the right to amend?

The Senate shares the right to amend with the Chamber of Deputies.

3)	Can the upper house make its position prevail?

The Chamber of Deputies can override the opposition of the Senate: when the Senate has rejected or amended a text passed by the Chamber of Deputies, the Chamber of Deputies can reinstate it  by a majority vote decision amongst all its members.

However, the Senate’s approval is required to pass constitutional amendments, government bills for the ratification of treaties relating to human rights, and texts which concern it in particular (electoral law, legislation relating to the relationship between the two assemblies, and legislation relating to approval of its own regulations).

THE ORDINARY LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

Tabling

All government bills are tabled in the Chamber of Deputies

Private members’ bills which the Senate decides to introduce are immediately referred to the Chamber of Deputies, so that the legislative procedure always begins in the Chamber of Deputies.

Examination by the Chamber of Deputies

Each text is subject to three readings:

-the first reading consists of a general debate, after which the assembly can definitively reject the text or refer it to the relevant committee;

-the second reading consists of a detailed examination and concludes with the passing of an amended text, unless the assembly decides to refer the text to committee;

-the third reading is devoted to purely technical and formal adjustments.

Examination by the Senate

Texts passed by the Chamber of Deputies are referred to the Senate which has thirty days in which to examine them.  It can pass them, reject them or amend them.  If it does not come to a decision in the allotted time period, it is presumed to have passed them without modification.

Second examination by the Chamber of Deputies

This takes place only if the Senate has amended or rejected the text passed by the Chamber of Deputies.

By a majority vote of all of its members, the Chamber of Deputies can then only confirm or quash the Senate’s position.  It cannot introduce amendments.  Thus the definitive text is either that resulting from the Chamber of Deputies’ first examination or that resulting from the work of the Senate.

Promulgation

Before promulgating a law, the president of the Republic can, within a period of fifteen days, exercise his suspensive veto and ask the Chamber of Deputies to debate the matter again.

No amendment is possible and the Chamber of Deputies must decide by a majority vote of its members.  If the text is voted through again, the law must be promulgated.  If it is not voted through, the law is presumed not to have been passed.

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SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURES

Constitutional legislation

Constitutional legislation must be passed by each of the two assemblies by a three fifths majority of those present.  The President of the Republic may not exercise his right of veto.

Finance bills

These are examined and passed by the Chamber of Deputies alone.

Legislation relating to the ratification of treaties

Treaties concerning human rights and fundamental freedoms must be passed by each of the two assemblies by a three fifths majority of those present.

Other treaties are passed in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure.

Legislation relating to article 40 of the constitution

This relates to electoral legislation, legislation relating to the relationship between the two assemblies and between the assemblies and other bodies, as well as legislation relating to Senate regulations.  The Senate’s approval is required for any such legislation to be passed.